OpenSCM-Units¶
OpenSCM-Units is a repository for handling of units related to simple climate modelling.
OpenSCM-Units is free software under a BSD 3-Clause License, see LICENSE.
Installation¶
OpenSCM-Runner can be installed with pip
pip install openscm-units
If you also want to run the example notebooks install additional dependencies using
pip install openscm-units[notebooks]
OpenSCM-Units can also be installed with conda
conda install -c conda-forge openscm-units
Usage¶
All of our usage examples are included in openscm-units/notebooks.
Development¶
If you’re interested in contributing to OpenSCM-Units, we’d love to have you on board! This section of the docs will (once we’ve written it) detail how to get setup to contribute and how best to communicate.
Contributing¶
All contributions are welcome, some possible suggestions include:
tutorials (or support questions which, once solved, result in a new tutorial :D)
blog posts
improving the documentation
bug reports
feature requests
pull requests
Please report issues or discuss feature requests in the OpenSCM-Units issue tracker. If your issue is a feature request or a bug, please use the templates available, otherwise, simply open a normal issue :)
As a contributor, please follow a couple of conventions:
Create issues in the OpenSCM-Units issue tracker for changes and enhancements, this ensures that everyone in the community has a chance to comment
Be welcoming to newcomers and encourage diverse new contributors from all backgrounds: see the Python Community Code of Conduct
Only push to your own branches, this allows people to force push to their own branches as they need without fear or causing others headaches
Start all pull requests as draft pull requests and only mark them as ready for review once they’ve been rebased onto master, this makes it much simpler for reviewers
Try and make lots of small pull requests, this makes it easier for reviewers and faster for everyone as review time grows exponentially with the number of lines in a pull request
Getting setup¶
To get setup as a developer, we recommend the following steps (if any of these tools are unfamiliar, please see the resources we recommend in Development tools):
Install conda and make
Run
make virtual-environment, if that fails you can try doing it manuallyChange your current directory to OpenSCM-Units’s root directory (i.e. the one which contains
README.rst),cd openscm-unitsCreate a virtual environment to use with OpenSCM-Units
python3 -m venv venvActivate your virtual environment
source ./venv/bin/activateUpgrade pip
pip intall --upgrade pipInstall the development dependencies (very important, make sure your virtual environment is active before doing this)
pip install -e .[dev]
Make sure the tests pass by running
make test-all, if that fails the commands areActivate your virtual environment
source ./venv/bin/activateRun the unit and integration tests
pytest --cov -r a --cov-report term-missingTest the notebooks
pytest -r a --nbval ./notebooks --sanitize ./notebooks/tests_sanitize.cfg
Getting help¶
Whilst developing, unexpected things can go wrong (that’s why it’s called ‘developing’, if we knew what we were doing, it would already be ‘developed’). Normally, the fastest way to solve an issue is to contact us via the issue tracker. The other option is to debug yourself. For this purpose, we provide a list of the tools we use during our development as starting points for your search to find what has gone wrong.
Development tools¶
This list of development tools is what we rely on to develop OpenSCM-Units reliably and reproducibly. It gives you a few starting points in case things do go inexplicably wrong and you want to work out why. We include links with each of these tools to starting points that we think are useful, in case you want to learn more.
-
we use a blend of pytest and the inbuilt Python testing capabilities for our tests so checkout what we’ve already done in
teststo get a feel for how it works
Continuous integration (CI) (also brief intro blog post and a longer read)
we use GitHub CI for our CI but there are a number of good providers
-
Jupyter is automatically included in your virtual environment if you follow our Getting setup instructions
Other tools¶
We also use some other tools which aren’t necessarily the most familiar. Here we provide a list of these along with useful resources.
-
we use regex101.com to help us write and check our regular expressions, make sure the language is set to Python to make your life easy!
Formatting¶
To help us focus on what the code does, not how it looks, we use a couple of automatic formatting tools.
These automatically format the code for us and tell use where the errors are.
To use them, after setting yourself up (see Getting setup), simply run make format (and make format-notebooks to format notebook code).
Note that make format can only be run if you have committed all your work i.e. your working directory is ‘clean’.
This restriction is made to ensure that you don’t format code without being able to undo it, just in case something goes wrong.
Buiding the docs¶
After setting yourself up (see Getting setup), building the docs is as simple as running make docs (note, run make -B docs to force the docs to rebuild and ignore make when it says ‘… index.html is up to date’).
This will build the docs for you.
You can preview them by opening docs/build/html/index.html in a browser.
For documentation we use Sphinx. To get ourselves started with Sphinx, we started with this example then used Sphinx’s getting started guide.
Gotchas¶
To get Sphinx to generate pdfs (rarely worth the hassle), you require Latexmk.
On a Mac this can be installed with sudo tlmgr install latexmk.
You will most likely also need to install some other packages (if you don’t have the full distribution).
You can check which package contains any missing files with tlmgr search --global --file [filename].
You can then install the packages with sudo tlmgr install [package].
Docstring style¶
For our docstrings we use numpy style docstrings. For more information on these, here is the full guide and the quick reference we also use.
Releasing¶
First step¶
Test installation with dependencies
make test-installUpdate
CHANGELOG.rstadd a header for the new version between
masterand the latest bullet pointthis should leave the section underneath the master header empty
git add .git commit -m "Prepare for release of vX.Y.Z"git tag vX.Y.ZTest version updated as intended with
make test-install
PyPI¶
If uploading to PyPI, do the following (otherwise skip these steps)
make publish-on-testpypiGo to test PyPI and check that the new release is as intended. If it isn’t, stop and debug.
Test the install with
make test-testpypi-install(this doesn’t test all the imports as most required packages are not on test PyPI).
Assuming test PyPI worked, now upload to the main repository
make publish-on-pypiGo to OpenSCM-Units’s PyPI and check that the new release is as intended.
Test the install with
make test-pypi-install
Why is there a Makefile in a pure Python repository?¶
Whilst it may not be standard practice, a Makefile is a simple way to automate general setup (environment setup in particular).
Hence we have one here which basically acts as a notes file for how to do all those little jobs which we often forget e.g. setting up environments, running tests (and making sure we’re in the right environment), building docs, setting up auxillary bits and pieces.
Unit Registry API¶
Unit handling makes use of the Pint library. This allows us to easily define units as well as contexts. Contexts allow us to perform conversions which would not normally be allowed e.g. in the ‘AR4GWP100’ context we can convert from CO2 to CH4 using the AR4GWP100 equivalence metric.
An illustration of how the unit_registry can be used is shown below:
>>> from openscm_units import unit_registry
>>> unit_registry("CO2")
<Quantity(1, 'CO2')>
>>> emissions_aus = 0.34 * unit_registry("Gt C / yr")
>>> emissions_aus
<Quantity(0.34, 'C * gigametric_ton / a')>
>>> emissions_aus.to("Mt CO2 / yr")
<Quantity(1246.666666666667, 'CO2 * megametric_ton / a')>
>>> with unit_registry.context("AR4GWP100"):
... (100 * unit_registry("Mt CH4 / yr")).to("Mt CO2 / yr")
<Quantity(2500.0, 'CO2 * megametric_ton / a')>
More details on emissions units
Emissions are a flux composed of three parts: mass, the species being emitted and the time period e.g. “t CO2 / yr”. As mass and time are part of SI units, all we need to define here are emissions units i.e. the stuff. Here we include as many of the canonical emissions units, and their conversions, as possible.
For emissions units, there are a few cases to be considered:
fairly obvious ones e.g. carbon dioxide emissions can be provided in ‘C’ or ‘CO2’ and converting between the two is possible
less obvious ones e.g. NOx emissions can be provided in ‘N’ or ‘NOx’ (a short-hand which is assumed to be NO2), we provide conversions between these two
case-sensitivity. In order to provide a simplified interface, using all uppercase versions of any unit is also valid e.g.
unit_registry("HFC4310mee")is the same asunit_registry("HFC4310MEE")hyphens and underscores in units. In order to be Pint compatible and to simplify things, we strip all hyphens and underscores from units.
As a convenience, we allow users to combine the mass and the type of emissions to make a ‘joint unit’ e.g. “tCO2”. It should be recognised that this joint unit is a derived unit and not a base unit.
By defining these three separate components, it is much easier to track what conversions are valid and which are not. For example, as the emissions units are all defined as emissions units, and not as atomic masses, we are able to prevent invalid conversions. If emissions units were simply atomic masses, it would be possible to convert between e.g. C and N2O which would be a problem. Conventions such as allowing carbon dioxide emissions to be reported in C or CO2, despite the fact that they are fundamentally different chemical species, is a convention which is particular to emissions (as far as we can tell).
Pint’s contexts are particularly useful for emissions as they facilitate metric conversions. With a context, a conversion which wouldn’t normally be allowed (e.g. tCO2 –> tN2O) is allowed and will use whatever metric conversion is appropriate for that context (e.g. AR4GWP100).
Finally, we discuss namespace collisions.
CH4
Methane emissions are defined as ‘CH4’. In order to prevent inadvertent conversions of ‘CH4’ to e.g. ‘CO2’ via ‘C’, the conversion ‘CH4’ <–> ‘C’ is by default forbidden. However, it can be performed within the context ‘CH4_conversions’ as shown below:
>>> from openscm_units import unit_registry
>>> unit_registry("CH4").to("C")
pint.errors.DimensionalityError: Cannot convert from 'CH4' ([methane]) to 'C' ([carbon])
# with a context, the conversion becomes legal again
>>> with unit_registry.context("CH4_conversions"):
... unit_registry("CH4").to("C")
<Quantity(0.75, 'C')>
# as an unavoidable side effect, this also becomes possible
>>> with unit_registry.context("CH4_conversions"):
... unit_registry("CH4").to("CO2")
<Quantity(2.75, 'CO2')>
N2O
Nitrous oxide emissions are typically reported with units of ‘N2O’. However, they are also reported with units of ‘N2ON’ (a short-hand which indicates that only the mass of the nitrogen is being counted). Reporting nitrous oxide emissions with units of simply ‘N’ is ambiguous (do you mean the mass of nitrogen, so 1 N = 28 / 44 N2O or just the mass of a single N atom, so 1 N = 14 / 44 N2O). By default, converting ‘N2O’ <–> ‘N’ is forbidden to prevent this ambiguity. However, the conversion can be performed within the context ‘N2O_conversions’, in which case it is assumed that ‘N’ just means a single N atom i.e. 1 N = 14 / 44 N2O, as shown below:
>>> from openscm_units import unit_registry
>>> unit_registry("N2O").to("N")
pint.errors.DimensionalityError: Cannot convert from 'N2O' ([nitrous_oxide]) to 'N' ([nitrogen])
# with a context, the conversion becomes legal again
>>> with unit_registry.context("N2O_conversions"):
... unit_registry("N2O").to("N")
<Quantity(0.318181818, 'N')>
NOx
Like for methane, NOx emissions also suffer from a namespace collision. In order to prevent inadvertent conversions from ‘NOx’ to e.g. ‘N2O’, the conversion ‘NOx’ <–> ‘N’ is by default forbidden. It can be performed within the ‘NOx_conversions’ context:
>>> from openscm_units import unit_registry
>>> unit_registry("NOx").to("N")
pint.errors.DimensionalityError: Cannot convert from 'NOx' ([NOx]) to 'N' ([nitrogen])
# with a context, the conversion becomes legal again
>>> with unit_registry.context("NOx_conversions"):
... unit_registry("NOx").to("N")
<Quantity(0.30434782608695654, 'N')>
NH3
In order to prevent inadvertent conversions from ‘NH3’ to ‘CO2’, the conversion ‘NH3’ <–> ‘N’ is by default forbidden. It can be performed within the ‘NH3_conversions’ context analogous to the ‘NOx_conversions’ context:
>>> from openscm_units import unit_registry
>>> unit_registry("NH3").to("N")
pint.errors.DimensionalityError: Cannot convert from 'NH3' ([NH3]) to 'N' ([nitrogen])
# with a context, the conversion becomes legal again
>>> with unit_registry.context("NH3_conversions"):
... unit_registry("NH3").to("N")
<Quantity(0.823529412, 'N')>
- class openscm_units._unit_registry.ScmUnitRegistry(*args, **kwargs)¶
Bases:
pint.registry.UnitRegistryUnit registry class.
Provides some convenience methods to add standard units and contexts with lazy loading from disk.
- UnitsContainer(*args, **kwargs)¶
- add_context(context: pint.context.Context) → None¶
Add a context object to the registry.
The context will be accessible by its name and aliases.
Notice that this method will NOT enable the context; see
enable_contexts().
- add_standards()¶
Add standard units.
Has to be done separately because of pint’s weird initializing.
- auto_reduce_dimensions¶
Determines if dimensionality should be reduced on appropriate operations.
- case_sensitive¶
Default unit case sensitivity
- check(*args)¶
Decorator to for quantity type checking for function inputs.
Use it to ensure that the decorated function input parameters match the expected dimension of pint quantity.
- The wrapper function raises:
pint.DimensionalityError if an argument doesn’t match the required dimensions.
- uregUnitRegistry
a UnitRegistry instance.
- argsstr or UnitContainer or None
Dimensions of each of the input arguments. Use None to skip argument conversion.
- Returns
the wrapped function.
- Return type
callable
- Raises
TypeError – If the number of given dimensions does not match the number of function parameters.
ValueError – If the any of the provided dimensions cannot be parsed as a dimension.
- context(*names, **kwargs)¶
Used as a context manager, this function enables to activate a context which is removed after usage.
- Parameters
*names – name(s) of the context(s).
**kwargs – keyword arguments for the contexts.
Examples
Context can be called by their name:
>>> import pint >>> ureg = pint.UnitRegistry() >>> ureg.add_context(pint.Context('one')) >>> ureg.add_context(pint.Context('two')) >>> with ureg.context('one'): ... pass
If a context has an argument, you can specify its value as a keyword argument:
>>> with ureg.context('one', n=1): ... pass
Multiple contexts can be entered in single call:
>>> with ureg.context('one', 'two', n=1): ... pass
Or nested allowing you to give different values to the same keyword argument:
>>> with ureg.context('one', n=1): ... with ureg.context('two', n=2): ... pass
A nested context inherits the defaults from the containing context:
>>> with ureg.context('one', n=1): ... # Here n takes the value of the outer context ... with ureg.context('two'): ... pass
- convert(value, src, dst, inplace=False)¶
Convert value from some source to destination units.
- default_as_delta¶
When performing a multiplication of units, interpret non-multiplicative units as their delta counterparts.
- property default_format¶
Default formatting string for quantities.
- property default_system¶
- define(definition)¶
Add unit to the registry.
- Parameters
definition (str or Definition) – a dimension, unit or prefix definition.
- disable_contexts(n: Optional[int] = None) → None¶
Disable the last n enabled contexts.
- Parameters
n (int) – Number of contexts to disable. Default: disable all contexts.
- enable_contexts(*names_or_contexts, **kwargs)¶
Overload pint’s
enable_contexts()to load contexts once (the first time they are used) to avoid (unnecessary) file operations on import.
- fmt_locale = None¶
Babel.Locale instance or None
- get_base_units(input_units, check_nonmult=True, system=None)¶
Convert unit or dict of units to the base units.
If any unit is non multiplicative and check_converter is True, then None is returned as the multiplicative factor.
Unlike BaseRegistry, in this registry root_units might be different from base_units
- Parameters
- Returns
multiplicative factor, base units
- Return type
- get_compatible_units(input_units, group_or_system=None)¶
- get_dimensionality(input_units)¶
Convert unit or dict of units or dimensions to a dict of base dimensions dimensions
- get_group(name, create_if_needed=True)¶
Return a Group.
- get_name(name_or_alias, case_sensitive=None)¶
Return the canonical name of a unit.
- get_root_units(input_units, check_nonmult=True)¶
Convert unit or dict of units to the root units.
If any unit is non multiplicative and check_converter is True, then None is returned as the multiplicative factor.
- get_symbol(name_or_alias, case_sensitive=None)¶
Return the preferred alias for a unit.
- get_system(name, create_if_needed=True)¶
Return a Group.
- is_compatible_with(obj1, obj2, *contexts, **ctx_kwargs)¶
check if the other object is compatible
- Parameters
obj1 – The objects to check against each other. Treated as dimensionless if not a Quantity, Unit or str.
obj2 – The objects to check against each other. Treated as dimensionless if not a Quantity, Unit or str.
*contexts (str or pint.Context) – Contexts to use in the transformation.
**ctx_kwargs – Values for the Context/s
- Returns
- Return type
- load_definitions(file, is_resource=False)¶
Add units and prefixes defined in a definition text file.
- Parameters
file – can be a filename or a line iterable.
is_resource – used to indicate that the file is a resource file and therefore should be loaded from the package. (Default value = False)
- non_int_type¶
Numerical type used for non integer values.
- parse_expression(input_string, case_sensitive=None, use_decimal=False, **values)¶
Parse a mathematical expression including units and return a quantity object.
Numerical constants can be specified as keyword arguments and will take precedence over the names defined in the registry.
- Parameters
input_string –
case_sensitive – (Default value = None, which uses registry setting)
use_decimal – (Default value = False)
**values –
- parse_pattern(input_string, pattern, case_sensitive=None, use_decimal=False, many=False)¶
Parse a string with a given regex pattern and returns result.
- Parameters
input_string –
pattern_string – The regex parse string
case_sensitive – (Default value = None, which uses registry setting)
use_decimal – (Default value = False)
many – Match many results (Default value = False)
- parse_unit_name(unit_name, case_sensitive=None)¶
Parse a unit to identify prefix, unit name and suffix by walking the list of prefix and suffix. In case of equivalent combinations (e.g. (‘kilo’, ‘gram’, ‘’) and (‘’, ‘kilogram’, ‘’), prefer those with prefix.
- parse_units(input_string, as_delta=None, case_sensitive=None)¶
Parse a units expression and returns a UnitContainer with the canonical names.
The expression can only contain products, ratios and powers of units.
- Parameters
input_string (str) –
as_delta (bool or None) – if the expression has multiple units, the parser will interpret non multiplicative units as their delta_ counterparts. (Default value = None)
case_sensitive (bool or None) – Control if unit parsing is case sensitive. Defaults to None, which uses the registry’s setting.
- pi_theorem(quantities)¶
Builds dimensionless quantities using the Buckingham π theorem
- remove_context(name_or_alias: str) → pint.context.Context¶
Remove a context from the registry and return it.
Notice that this methods will not disable the context; see
disable_contexts().
- set_fmt_locale(loc)¶
Change the locale used by default by format_babel.
- setup_matplotlib(enable=True)¶
Set up handlers for matplotlib’s unit support.
- Parameters
enable (bool) – whether support should be enabled or disabled (Default value = True)
- split_gas_mixture(quantity: pint.quantity.Quantity) → list¶
Split a gas mixture into constituent gases.
Given a pint quantity with the units containing a gas mixture, returns a list of the constituents as pint quantities.
- property sys¶
- with_context(name, **kwargs)¶
Decorator to wrap a function call in a Pint context.
Use it to ensure that a certain context is active when calling a function:
:param name: name of the context. :param \*\*kwargs: keyword arguments for the context
- Returns
the wrapped function.
- Return type
callable
Example
>>> @ureg.with_context('sp') ... def my_cool_fun(wavelength): ... print('This wavelength is equivalent to: %s', wavelength.to('terahertz'))
- wraps(ret, args, strict=True)¶
Wraps a function to become pint-aware.
Use it when a function requires a numerical value but in some specific units. The wrapper function will take a pint quantity, convert to the units specified in args and then call the wrapped function with the resulting magnitude.
The value returned by the wrapped function will be converted to the units specified in ret.
- Parameters
ureg (pint.UnitRegistry) – a UnitRegistry instance.
ret (str, pint.Unit, iterable of str, or iterable of pint.Unit) – Units of each of the return values. Use None to skip argument conversion.
args (str, pint.Unit, iterable of str, or iterable of pint.Unit) – Units of each of the input arguments. Use None to skip argument conversion.
strict (bool) – Indicates that only quantities are accepted. (Default value = True)
- Returns
the wrapper function.
- Return type
callable
- Raises
TypeError – if the number of given arguments does not match the number of function parameters. if the any of the provided arguments is not a unit a string or Quantity
- openscm_units._unit_registry.unit_registry = <openscm_units._unit_registry.ScmUnitRegistry object>¶
Standard unit registry
The unit registry contains all of the recognised units. Be careful, if you edit this registry in one place then it will also be edited in any other places that use
openscm_units. If you want multiple, separate registries, create multiple instances ofScmUnitRegistry.
Data API¶
Data used within OpenSCM Units
For example, metric conversions and breakdownss of mixture substances into their constituents.
Mixtures API¶
- openscm_units.data.mixtures.MIXTURES¶
Gas mixtures supported by OpenSCM Units
Last update: 2020-12-16
Each key is the mixture’s name. Each value is itself a dictionary where each key is the name of a component of the mixture and the value is a list in which the first element is the standard composition, the second element is the positive composition tolerance and the third element is the negative composition tolerance. All values are given in mass percentage.
Sources:
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 34-2019, p. 9ff, ISSN 1041-2336, https://www.techstreet.com/ashrae/standards/ashrae-15-2019-packaged-w-34-2019?product_id=2046531
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_refrigerants (for common names)
- Type
Changelog¶
master¶
v0.3.0¶
(#25) Add “N2O_conversions” context to remove ambiguity in N2O conversions
(#23) Add AR5 GWPs with climate-carbon cycle feedbacks (closes #22)
(#20) Make
openscm_units.dataa module by adding an__init__.pyfile to it and add docs foropenscm_units.data(closes #19)(#18) Made NH3 a separate dimension to avoid accidental conversion to CO2 in GWP contexts. Also added an
nh3_conversionscontext to convert to nitrogen (closes #12)(#16) Added refrigerant mixtures as units, including automatic GWP calculation from the GWP of their constituents. Also added the
unit_registry.split_gas_mixturesfunction which can be used to split quantities containing a gas mixture into their constituents (closes #10)